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Centre de recherche – Yangambi
Historique
Depuis longtemps Yangambi accueille des scientifiques et des explorateurs intéressés par le bassin du Congo.
De 1933 à 1962, Yangambi abritait le siège du centre de recherche le plus important d’Afrique pour l’étude de l’agriculture et de la foresterie tropicales : l’Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo belge (INEAC). Les installations de premier ordre de l’INEAC comprenaient une bibliothèque très fournie comportant 25 000 ouvrages ; l’herbier le plus étoffé d’Afrique centrale avec 125 000 spécimens ; des parcelles expérimentales d’hévéas, de palmiers à huile, de bananiers et de caféiers ; ainsi que des laboratoires dédiés à la climatologie, à la pédologie, à la pathologie végétale et à l’entomologie. À son apogée, Yangambi était une vraie ruche avec environ 700 scientifiques et techniciens spécialistes de l’abondante biodiversité de l’Afrique centrale.
En 1970, l’INEAC devenait un établissement public, l’Institut national pour l’étude et la recherche agronomique (INERA). Mais en dépit des efforts faits par l’INERA pour assurer le fonctionnement du centre, des décennies d’instabilité politique et de restrictions budgétaires ont été préjudiciables aux activités de recherche qui finit par péricliter. Cependant, le savoir engrangé à Yangambi concernant l’agronomie, le climat, la biodiversité et les sols reste d’un grand intérêt pour les recherches actuelles et futures sur les forêts tropicales et le changement climatique. Dans les archives ont été conservées des relevés météorologiques quotidiens, des observations précises de l’évolution saisonnière de la croissance de la forêt, des collections botaniques et de la documentation photographique détaillée.
Un centre de recherche de pointe pour la foresterie
Au cours des dernières années, diverses institutions congolaises et internationales, y compris le Centre de recherche forestière internationale (CIFOR), le Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, le Jardin botanique Meise, l’Université de Kisangani et l’Université de Gand, sont devenus partenaires de l’INERA pour relancer les activités de recherche, notamment dans les domaines de la biologie du bois, de la botanique, de la sylviculture, et de la gestion durable des forêts.
Des financements de l’Union européenne et de la Belgique ont permis la modernisation des infrastructures du centre et la formation des spécialistes locaux. C’est ainsi que Yangambi accueille maintenant le premier laboratoire de biologie du bois de l’Afrique subsaharienne, ainsi que la première tour qui permettra de mesurer les flux de covariance des turbulences au bassin du Congo. Les collections botaniques de l’herbier sont également en cours d’être actualisées et numérisées.